Innocence of Muslims

Innocence of Muslims^[1]^[2] is an anti-Islamic short film that was written and produced by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula.^[3]^[4] Two versions of the 14-minute video were uploaded to YouTube in July 2012, under the titles "The Real Life of Muhammad" and "Muhammad Movie Trailer".^[5] Videos dubbed in Arabic were uploaded during early September 2012.^[6] Anti-Islamic content had been added in post-production by dubbing, without the actors' knowledge.^[7]

What was perceived as denigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad resulted in demonstrations and violent protests against the video to break out on September 11 in Egypt and spread to other Arab and Muslim nations as well as to some western countries. The protests led to hundreds of injuries and over 50 deaths.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] Fatwas calling for the harm of the video's participants were issued and Pakistani government minister Ghulam Ahmad Bilour offered a bounty for the killing of Nakoula, the producer.^[12]^[13]^[14] The film has sparked debates about freedom of speech and Internet censorship.^[15]

^ "Anti-Muslim film got LA County permit for shoot". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. September 20, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014. Anti-Muslim film had permit allowing 1-day shoot at LA County ranch, use of fire, animals
^ "County of Los Angeles Releases Redacted Film Permit for "Desert Warriors"" (PDF). FilmLA. September 20, 2012. f00043012. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014. NOTE: This document has been redacted due to concerns for safety and security of persons and locations
^ Esposito, Richard; Ross, Brian; Galli, Cindy (September 13, 2012). "Anti-Islam Producer Wrote Script in Prison: Authorities, 'Innocence of Muslims' Linked to Violence in Egypt, Libya". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ Dion Nissenbaum; James Oberman; Erica Orden (September 13, 2012). "Behind Video, a Web of Questions". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ Zachary Zahos (September 19, 2012). "The Art of Defamation". The Cornell Daily Sun. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ Lovett, Ian (September 15, 2012). "Man Linked to Film in Protests Is Questioned". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
^ Dan Murphy (September 12, 2012). "There-may-be-no-anti-Islamic-movie-at-all". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ "Death, destruction in Pakistan amid protests tied to anti-Islam film". CNN. September 21, 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
^ "Egypt newspaper fights cartoons with cartoons". CBS News. Associated Press. September 26, 2012. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
^ Latest Protests Against Depictions of Muhammad retrieved 1 October 2012 ^{[dead link]}
^ Rice, Susan (2019). Tough Love. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 314.
^ Fatwa issued by Muslim cleric against participants in an anti-Islamic film retrieved 1 October 2012 Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Egypt cleric issues fatwa against 'Innocence of Muslims' cast retrieved 1 October 2012 ^{[dead link]}
^ "Anti-Islam film: US condemns Pakistan minister's bounty". BBC News. September 23, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
^ Thomas Fenton (September 12, 2012). "Should Innocence of Muslims be censored?". Global Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.

[1] "Anti-Muslim film got LA County permit for shoot". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. September 20, 2012. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014. Anti-Muslim film had permit allowing 1-day shoot at LA County ranch, use of fire, animals

[2] "County of Los Angeles Releases Redacted Film Permit for "Desert Warriors"" (PDF). FilmLA. September 20, 2012. f00043012. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014. NOTE: This document has been redacted due to concerns for safety and security of persons and locations

[script-3] Esposito, Richard; Ross, Brian; Galli, Cindy (September 13, 2012). "Anti-Islam Producer Wrote Script in Prison: Authorities, 'Innocence of Muslims' Linked to Violence in Egypt, Libya". abcnews.go.com. ABC News. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.

[Nissenbaum-Oberman-Orden-4] Dion Nissenbaum; James Oberman; Erica Orden (September 13, 2012). "Behind Video, a Web of Questions". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

[Zahos-5] Zachary Zahos (September 19, 2012). "The Art of Defamation". The Cornell Daily Sun. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

[man_linked-6] Lovett, Ian (September 15, 2012). "Man Linked to Film in Protests Is Questioned". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2017.

[7] Dan Murphy (September 12, 2012). "There-may-be-no-anti-Islamic-movie-at-all". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

[8] "Death, destruction in Pakistan amid protests tied to anti-Islam film". CNN. September 21, 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2013.

[9] "Egypt newspaper fights cartoons with cartoons". CBS News. Associated Press. September 26, 2012. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2013.

[10] Latest Protests Against Depictions of Muhammad retrieved 1 October 2012 ^{[dead link]}

[11] Rice, Susan (2019). Tough Love. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 314.

[12] Fatwa issued by Muslim cleric against participants in an anti-Islamic film retrieved 1 October 2012 Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[13] Egypt cleric issues fatwa against 'Innocence of Muslims' cast retrieved 1 October 2012 ^{[dead link]}

[14] "Anti-Islam film: US condemns Pakistan minister's bounty". BBC News. September 23, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2012.

[15] Thomas Fenton (September 12, 2012). "Should Innocence of Muslims be censored?". Global Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.

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